Comparative Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Contamination analysis in Lake Water Samples Collected from Nallasopara lakes in Palghar

Nirmal and Chakreshwar lake are two important water bodies in Vasai-Virar Taluka, are the primary source of water for the nearby villages. The objective of the study was to analysis physicochemical parameters and simultaneously monitor the heavy metal content. During the study the physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, Total hardness, TS, TDS and TSS were evaluated in pre and post monsoon samples at three different sites from each water body. t test and two way ANOVA test were performed to assess the variation in the pre and post analysis for any significant difference. It was observed that heavy metal content was found more in pond A (Nirmal), comparative to pond B (Chakreshwar) lake.

Analytical Profile of Kanchanara Guggulu Tablets Prepared as per References in Sharangadhara Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali

Marketing of Guggulu, an exudate obtained from the plant Commiphora mukul and its preparations is a great concern of different ayurvedic pharmaceutical houses due to its adulteration, substitution and non-availability of genuine samples. Standardization of raw drugs and formulations with modern analytical tools increase their scope, acceptance and scientific validity. In the present study, an attempt was made for the physicochemical analysis of Kanchanara guggulu tablets (having Guggulu as the major ingredient) prepared as per references in Sharangadhara Samhita and Bhaishajya Ratnavali to develop an analytical profile of the formulation. The study was based on the standard analytical parameters proposed by API and PLIM. Six samples of tablets were prepared as per two references (three for each reference) which were available in market following the same manufacturing procedures. The study comprised of three stages- pharmacognosy of raw drugs, pharmaceutical work and analytical study. The analysis was done using the parameters like organoleptic evaluation, weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, ash values, extractive values, loss on drying, pH, HPTLC and microbial contamination and an analytical profile was developed as per both references.

Physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility and antibiofilm activity of a new calcium silicate sealer

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility and antibiofilm activity of a new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealer, Sealer Plus BC (MK Life, Brazil), in comparison with TotalFill BC Sealer (FKG Dentaire SA, Switzerland) and AH Plus (Dentsply, Germany). Setting time and flow were evaluated based on ISO 6876 standard. The pH was evaluated after different periods, and radiopacity by radiographic analysis (mmAl). Solubility (% mass loss) and volumetric change (by micro-CT) were assessed after 30 days of immersion in distilled water. Cytocompatibility was assessed by methyltetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, after exposure of Saos-2 cells to the sealer extract for 24 h. An additional analysis was performed by using MTT assay after 1, 3 and 7 days of exposure of Saos-2 to the sealers 1:8 dilution extracts. Antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis and/or Candida albicans was evaluated by crystal violet assay and modified direct contact test. The physicochemical properties were analyzed using ANOVA/Tukey tests; MTT and NR data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni tests; the antimicrobial tests were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α=0.05). Sealer Plus BC had proper setting time, radiopacity, flow and alkalization capacity. Sealer Plus BC was significantly more soluble than AH Plus (p<0.05) and presented volumetric change similar to AH Plus and TotalFill BC (p>0.05). Sealer Plus BC presented antibiofilm activity and no cytotoxic effect. In conclusion, although Sealer Plus BC had higher solubility, this sealer showed proper physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, and antibiofilm activity.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas, a citocompatibilidade e a atividade antibiofilme de um novo cimento endodôntico à base de silicato de cálcio, Sealer Plus BC (MK Life, Brasil), em comparação com TotalFill BC Sealer (FKG Dentaire SA, Suíça) e AH Plus (Dentsply, Alemanha). O tempo de presa e o escoamento foram avaliados com base nas normas ISO 6876. O pH foi avaliado após diferentes períodos, e a radiopacidade por análise radiográfica (mmAl). A solubilidade (% de perda de massa) e alteração volumétrica (por micro-CT) foram avaliadas após 30 dias de imersão em água destilada. Citocompatibilidade foi avaliada pelos ensaios metiltetrazólio (MTT) e vermelho neutro (NR), após exposição das células Saos-2 ao extrato de cimento por 24 horas. Análise adicional foi realizada através do ensaio MTT após 1, 3 e 7 dias de exposição das células Saos-2 aos extratos dos cimentos na diluição de 1:8. Atividade antibiofilme contra Enterococcus faecalis e/ou Candida albicans foi avaliada pelos ensaios cristal violeta e contato direto modificado. As propriedades físico-químicas foram analisadas utilizando os testes ANOVA e Tukey; MTT e NR foram analisados pelos testes ANOVA e Bonferroni; os ensaios antimicrobianos foram analisados pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (α=0.05). Sealer Plus BC apresentou tempo de presa, radiopacidade e escoamento adequados, além de capacidade de alcalinização. Sealer Plus BC foi significantemente mais solúvel que AH Plus (p<0.05) e apresentou alteração volumétrica similar à de AH Plus e TotalFill BC (p>0.05). Sealer Plus BC apresentou atividade antibiofilme, sem efeito citotóxico. Como conclusão, embora Sealer Plus BC apresente maior solubilidade, este cimento apresentou propriedades físico-químicas adequadas, citocompatibilidade e atividade antibiofilme.

Invertebrados bentônicos associados a macrófitas aquáticas em um reservatório subtropical brasileiro / Benthic invertebrates associated with the aquatic macrophytes in a Brazilian subtropical reservoir

RESUMO As atividades humanas afetam a disponibilidade e a qualidade da água em muitos ecossistemas aquáticos. A Barragem Santa Bárbara é um importante manancial de abastecimento público do município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, que vem sofrendo um processo de eutrofização acelerado, tornando importante o uso de monitoramentos ambientais como ferramenta de controle desses mananciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos presentes nas raízes de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes e suas relações com a qualidade da água na bacia de acumulação da Barragem Santa Bárbara. Em 2018, foram realizadas quatro amostragens em dois ambientes desse ecossistema. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas para correlacionar com as análises biológicas. Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos retirados das raízes das macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes foram triados e identificados ao menor nível taxonômico possível. Para análise de dados, foram utilizadas análises de regressão múltipla, análise de variância (ANOVA) e Análise de Componentes Principais. Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos foram analisados também quanto à ocorrência de frequência, riqueza e abundância, e ao índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener. Foi possível registrar 13.154 espécimes de macroinvertebrados bentônicos associados a 100 g de peso seco de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes, divididos em 35 táxons e distribuídos em nove ordens e 27 famílias. Os grupos mais abundantes foram Amphipoda, Chironomidae e Oligochaeta. O índice de diversidade apresentou média de H' = 1,67, classificando o ecossistema aquático como moderadamente poluído. As ferramentas utilizadas neste estudo são úteis para ações de gerenciamento e preservação de mananciais, principalmente os utilizados para abastecimento público.

ABSTRACT Human activities affect the availability and quality of water in many aquatic ecosystems. The Santa Bárbara Dam is an important source of public water supply in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, which has been undergoing an accelerated eutrophication process, thus making it important to use environmental monitoring as a control tool for these sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the community of benthic macroinvertebrates in the roots of floating aquatic macrophytes and their connection with water quality in the Santa Bárbara Dam accumulation basin. Four samples were taken in 2018, in two environments of this ecosystem. Physical-chemical analyses were conducted to correlate with biological analyses. Benthic macroinvertebrates taken from the roots of floating aquatic macrophytes were screened and identified at the lowest possible taxonomic level. For data analysis, multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, and Principal Component Analysis were used. Benthic macroinvertebrates were also analyzed for frequency, richness and abundance, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. It was possible to register 13.154 specimens of benthic macroinvertebrates associated with 100 g of dry weight of floating aquatic macrophytes, divided into 35 taxa, and distributed in 09 orders and 27 families. The most abundant groups were Amphipoda, Chironomidae, and Oligochaeta. The diversity index showed an average of H '= 1.67, classifying the aquatic ecosystem as moderately polluted. The tools used in this study are useful for managing and preservation of water sources, especially those used for public supply.

Analytical Study Of Yashtayadi Lepa In Vidalaka Karma

Lepa is considered as an important and initial Chikitsa in reference with Vranashotha chikitsa described by Acharya Sushruta and when the Lepa is applied around the outer surface of eyes it is termed as Vidalaka. Vidalaka a type of Kriyakalpa therapy which is mainly indicated in acute inflammatory conditions of eyes such as Daha (burning sensation), Updeha (discharge), Ashru (watering) Shopha (swelling) and Raga (redness). Different formulations are given in classic texts for eye diseases and one among them is Yashtayadi lepa mentioned by Acharya Sharangadhara in Sharangadhara Samhita. It is described as Sarvanetrarujahara Yoga and consists Yastimadhu, Gairika, Saindhav, Daruharidra and Rasanjana as its main ingredients. Yashtyadi lepa was prepared as per the guidelines given for Lepa in API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India) and analyzed using various standard physico-chemical parameters given for Lepa such as Loss on drying, Ash value, Water extract value, Alcohol extract value and pH. There is no standard guidelines is given for pharmaceutical analysis for Yastyadi Lepa in API. With this background the present study was undertaken to find pharmacognostical and physicochemical qualities of Lepa as recommended in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and to use them as reference for future studies on Yashtyadi Lepa for different ocular diseases.

Solubility, porosity, dimensional and volumetric change of endodontic sealers

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate physical properties of endodontic sealers (AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and Endofill), by conventional and micro-CT tests. Dimensional stability was evaluated after immersion of materials in distilled water for 30 days. Solubility and volumetric change were evaluated after 7 and 30 days of immersion in distilled water. Solubility was evaluated by means of mass loss and volumetric change was assessed by micro-CT. Porosity was evaluated under a microscope after 7 days of immersion in distilled water, and by using micro-CT after setting and immersion in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test with 5% significance level. MTA Fillapex presented the highest solubility (p<0.05), showing values above the ISO/ADA recommendations. MTA Fillapex presented higher volumetric and dimensional changes, followed by Endofill and AH Plus (p<0.05). Dimensional stability of the MTA Fillapex and AH Plus did not follow ISO/ADA standards. The highest total porosity was observed for MTA Fillapex (p<0.05). Endofill had higher total porosity than AH Plus according to microscope evaluation (p<0,05), and both sealers were similar in micro-CT assessment (p>0,05). In conclusion, MTA Fillapex presented higher solubility, dimensional and volumetric change besides porosity compared to the other evaluated sealers. The assessed physical properties of sealers are related, and the different tests provided complementary data. Micro-CT is a valuable method for assessment of physical properties of endodontic materials.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar propriedades físicas de cimentos endodônticos (AH Plus, MTA Fillapex e Endofill), por meio de testes convencionais e micro-CT. A estabilidade dimensional foi avaliada após imersão dos materiais em água destilada por 30 dias. A solubilidade e a alteração volumétrica dos materiais foram avaliadas após 7 e 30 dias de imersão em água destilada. A solubilidade foi avaliada por meio de perda de massa e a alteração volumétrica foi avaliada por micro-CT. A porosidade foi avaliada por microscopia após 7 dias de imersão em água destilada e por micro-CT após a presa e imersão em água destilada por 7 e 30 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes ANOVA e Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. MTA Fillapex apresentou a maior solubilidade (p<0,05), com valores acima das recomendações ISO/ADA. As alterações volumétricas e dimensionais foram maiores para MTA Fillapex, seguido por Endofill e AH Plus (p<0,05). MTA Fillapex e AH Plus não cumpriram os padrões ISO/ADA em relação à estabilidade dimensional. Uma maior porosidade total foi observada para MTA Fillapex (p <0,05). Endofill apresentou maior porosidade total que o AH Plus pela avaliação em microscopia (p<0,05), e ambos os cimentos foram semelhantes na avaliação por micro-CT (p>0,05). Em conclusão, MTA Fillapex apresentou maior solubilidade, alteração dimensional e volumétrica, além de maior porosidade em relação aos demais cimentos avaliados. As propriedades físicas avaliadas estão relacionadas, e os diferentes testes forneceram dados complementares. Micro-CT é um método valioso para avaliação das propriedades físicas dos materiais endodônticos.

Análise técnica de água de fontes rurais / Technical analysis of water from rural sources

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a água bruta de fontes quanto à cor, ao pH, ao nível de amônia e à presença de coliformes totais e fecais, a qual é usada para fins de abastecimento domiciliar e na agroindústria alimentar regional do Planalto Catarinense - Santa Catarina, acordando com a Portaria no 2.914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde. As discussões permitiram concluir que a cor da água se apresentou abaixo do padrão máximo permitido; constatou-se baixa concentração de amônia; o pH apresentou variável entre 5,5 e 7,5 e algumas amostras apresentaram contaminação por coliformes fecais. Desta forma, o presente trabalho demonstrou a necessidade de notificação e orientação aos proprietários rurais para a desinfecção da água para evitar a presença de quaisquer agentes patogênicos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the raw water sources as for the color, pH, ammonia level and presence of total and faecal coliforms. This water is used for household supply and at regional food agroindustry in Planalto Catarinense - Santa Catarina, Brazil, which was evaluated according to the standards of Brazilian National Council Legislation (Resolution no 2,914/2011 from the Ministry of Health). It is concluded that there was no change in water color, presenting a below the maximum allowable standard. There is a low concentration of ammonia in the water, the pH presented a variable between 5.5 to 7.5 and some samples showed contamination by faecal coliforms. In this way, this research demonstrated that the notification and orientation to landowners was required for disinfection of the water in order to eliminate any pathogenic agents.

Effect of sonic and ultrasonic activation on physicochemical properties of root canal sealers

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of ultrasonic and sonic activation on physicochemical properties of AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, ADSeal, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and GuttaFlow 2 sealers. Methodology: Three experimental groups were formed: no activation (NA), ultrasonic activation (UA), and sonic activation (SA). The sealers were manipulated according to the manufacturers' instructions. A 3-mL syringe was adapted to receive 1 mL of sealer. Activation was performed with a 20/.01 ultrasonic insert (20 s/1W) in the UA group. A size 35.04 sonic tip was used (20 s/10,000 cycles/min-1) in the SA group. The molds for physicochemical analysis were filled and evaluated according to ANSI/ADA specification no. 57: setting time (ST), flow (FL), dimensional change (DC), solubility (SB), and radiopacity (RD). Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's tests (P<0.05). Results: Regarding ST, only AH Plus and GuttaFlow 2 in the NA group met the ANSI/ADA standards. All FL values were greater than 20 mm in diameter, as determined by ANSI/ADA. The tested sealers and protocols did not comply with the ANSI/ADA standards for DC. As for SB, only MTA Fillapex, regardless of the activation protocol, did not follow the ANSI/ADA standards. All of the investigated sealers, regardless of the activation protocol, presented radiographic density higher than 3 mm Al, as proposed by ANSI/ADA. Conclusions: UA and SA promoted changes in the physicochemical properties of the evaluated root canal sealers, mainly in ST and F. Thus, it is important to evaluate the physicochemical properties of endodontic sealers associated with activation techniques prior to clinical application in order to determine whether the properties follow the parameters set by ANSI/ADA, ensuring safety and quality of root canal filling.

Efeito da idade nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos das dentinas radiculares humana e bovina / The effect of age on morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human and bovine root dentin

Dentes bovinos têm sido utilizados como substitutos aos humanos em pesquisas odontológicas. Entretanto, faltam dados que suportem o uso da dentina radicular bovina, sobretudo, que analisem o efeito da idade nas propriedades do substrato. Assim, analisou-se o efeito da idade nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos das dentinas radiculares humana e bovina, em função dos terços da raiz. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, in vitro, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (COEP-UFMG 1.803.933) e pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUAUFMG 372/2016). A amostra foi composta por dentes unirradiculares, cujas dentinas radiculares foram categorizadas em: humana jovem (HJ, 20-30 anos); humana madura (HM, acima de 60 anos); bovina jovem (BJ, 24-36 meses); e bovina adulta (BA, acima de 48 meses). Os dentes foram seccionados abaixo da junção amelocementária e ao longo eixo da raiz, para a obtenção de hemisecções. Uma hemisecção foi escolhida e cortes foram feitos para a obtenção dos espécimes, conforme cada método de análise. Para as análises dos aspectos morfológicos ­ número, diâmetro e área dos túbulos dentinários ­ os espécimes foram analisados em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura. A composição química foi analisada por Espectroscopia de Raios X por Dispersão em Energia, Espectroscopia por Comprimento de Onda Dispersivo e Espectroscopia Raman por Transformada de Fourier. Na análise das propriedades mecânicas, os espécimes foram submetidos aos testes de nanoindentação, resistência à flexão em três pontos e compressão. Para a análise da resistência ao cisalhamento por extrusão, as raízes receberam tratamento endodôntico e foram fixados pinos de fibra de vidro com cimentos resinosos (dual convencional e autoadesivo). As raízes foram seccionadas nos terços radiculares e os espécimes testados em máquina universal de ensaios. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o grau de conversão dos cimentos resinosos. Os dados foram analisados em software estatístico, nível de significância de 5%. A HM apresentou os menores valores para número, diâmetro e área de túbulos dentinários (p<0,05). A HM apresentou maiores valores de cálcio, razão Ca/P e concentração mineral relativa, com diminuição na organização e qualidade do colágeno (p<0,05). A HM apresentou os maiores valores de nanodureza, módulo de elasticidade e resistência à compressão, mas os menores valores de resistência à flexão e módulo de elasticidade à flexão (p<0,05). A HM apresentou os menores valores de resistência de união, com diferenças entre os terços radiculares (p<0,05). O grau de conversão dos cimentos apresentou uma diminuição ao longo dos terços radiculares (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a idade possui um efeito nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos da dentina radicular humana, sem efeito na dentina bovina. Assim, quando da necessidade de substituição da dentina radicular humana pela bovina em pesquisas, é necessário considerar o efeito da idade nos desfechos analisados.

Bovine teeth have been used as a substitute for human teeth in dental research. However, there is a lack of data that support the use of bovine root dentin, mainly, that analyze the effect of age on the properties of the substrate. Thus, the effect of age on the morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human and bovine root dentin was analyzed, in function of the root thirds. This is an in vitro experimental study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol number: 1.803.933) and the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (protocol number: 372/2016). The sample was composed of single-rooted teeth and root dentin was categorized into: young human (YH, 20-30 years); old human (OH, above 60 years); young bovine (YB, 24-36 months); and adult bovine (AB, over 48 months). The roots were sectioned below the cement-enamel and longitudinally to produce two hemi-sections. One hemi-section was chosen and sections were made to obtain the specimens, according to each method of analysis. For the analyzes of the morphological aspects - number, diameter and area of the dentinal tubules - the specimens were analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscope. The chemical composition was analysed by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy and Fourier Transformed Raman Spectroscopy. In the analysis of the mechanical properties, the specimens were submitted to nano-indentation, three-point flexural and compression tests. For the analysis of the push-out bond strength test, the roots received endodontic treatment and fiber post with resin cements (conventional and selfadhesive dual) were fixed. The roots were sectioned in the root thirds and the specimens tested in a universal testing machine. Additionally, the degree of conversion of the resin cements was evaluated. The data were analyzed in statistical software, level of significance of 5%. The OH presented the lowest values for number, diameter and area of dentinal tubules (p<0.05). OH showed higher values of calcium, Ca/P ratio and relative mineral concentration, with decrease in the organization and quality of the collagen (p<0.05). The OH showed the highest values of nano-hardness, elastic modulus and compressive strength, but the lowest values of flexural strength and flexural modulus (p<0.05). The OH presented the lowest values of bond strength, with differences among the root thirds (p<0.05). The degree of conversion of the cements showed a decrease along the root thirds (p<0.05). It was concluded that age has an effect on the morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human root dentin, with no effect on bovine dentin. Thus, when it is necessary to replace the human root dentin by the bovine in research, it is necessary to consider the effect of age on the analysed outcomes.

Efeito da idade nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos das dentinas radiculares humana e bovina / The effect of age on morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human and bovine root dentin

Dentes bovinos têm sido utilizados como substitutos aos humanos em pesquisas odontológicas. Entretanto, faltam dados que suportem o uso da dentina radicular bovina, sobretudo, que analisem o efeito da idade nas propriedades do substrato. Assim, analisou-se o efeito da idade nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos das dentinas radiculares humana e bovina, em função dos terços da raiz. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, in vitro, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (COEP-UFMG 1.803.933) e pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUAUFMG 372/2016). A amostra foi composta por dentes unirradiculares, cujas dentinas radiculares foram categorizadas em: humana jovem (HJ, 20-30 anos); humana madura (HM, acima de 60 anos); bovina jovem (BJ, 24-36 meses); e bovina adulta (BA, acima de 48 meses). Os dentes foram seccionados abaixo da junção amelocementária e ao longo eixo da raiz, para a obtenção de hemisecções. Uma hemisecção foi escolhida e cortes foram feitos para a obtenção dos espécimes, conforme cada método de análise. Para as análises dos aspectos morfológicos ­ número, diâmetro e área dos túbulos dentinários ­ os espécimes foram analisados em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura. A composição química foi analisada por Espectroscopia de Raios X por Dispersão em Energia, Espectroscopia por Comprimento de Onda Dispersivo e Espectroscopia Raman por Transformada de Fourier. Na análise das propriedades mecânicas, os espécimes foram submetidos aos testes de nanoindentação, resistência à flexão em três pontos e compressão. Para a análise da resistência ao cisalhamento por extrusão, as raízes receberam tratamento endodôntico e foram fixados pinos de fibra de vidro com cimentos resinosos (dual convencional e autoadesivo). As raízes foram seccionadas nos terços radiculares e os espécimes testados em máquina universal de ensaios. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o grau de conversão dos cimentos resinosos. Os dados foram analisados em software estatístico, nível de significância de 5%. A HM apresentou os menores valores para número, diâmetro e área de túbulos dentinários (p<0,05). A HM apresentou maiores valores de cálcio, razão Ca/P e concentração mineral relativa, com diminuição na organização e qualidade do colágeno (p<0,05). A HM apresentou os maiores valores de nanodureza, módulo de elasticidade e resistência à compressão, mas os menores valores de resistência à flexão e módulo de elasticidade à flexão (p<0,05). A HM apresentou os menores valores de resistência de união, com diferenças entre os terços radiculares (p<0,05). O grau de conversão dos cimentos apresentou uma diminuição ao longo dos terços radiculares (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a idade possui um efeito nos aspectos morfológicos, químicos e físicos da dentina radicular humana, sem efeito na dentina bovina. Assim, quando da necessidade de substituição da dentina radicular humana pela bovina em pesquisas, é necessário considerar o efeito da idade nos desfechos analisados.

Bovine teeth have been used as a substitute for human teeth in dental research. However, there is a lack of data that support the use of bovine root dentin, mainly, that analyze the effect of age on the properties of the substrate. Thus, the effect of age on the morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human and bovine root dentin was analyzed, in function of the root thirds. This is an in vitro experimental study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee (protocol number: 1.803.933) and the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (protocol number: 372/2016). The sample was composed of single-rooted teeth and root dentin was categorized into: young human (YH, 20-30 years); old human (OH, above 60 years); young bovine (YB, 24-36 months); and adult bovine (AB, over 48 months). The roots were sectioned below the cement-enamel and longitudinally to produce two hemi-sections. One hemi-section was chosen and sections were made to obtain the specimens, according to each method of analysis. For the analyzes of the morphological aspects - number, diameter and area of the dentinal tubules - the specimens were analyzed in Scanning Electron Microscope. The chemical composition was analysed by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy and Fourier Transformed Raman Spectroscopy. In the analysis of the mechanical properties, the specimens were submitted to nano-indentation, three-point flexural and compression tests. For the analysis of the push-out bond strength test, the roots received endodontic treatment and fiber post with resin cements (conventional and selfadhesive dual) were fixed. The roots were sectioned in the root thirds and the specimens tested in a universal testing machine. Additionally, the degree of conversion of the resin cements was evaluated. The data were analyzed in statistical software, level of significance of 5%. The OH presented the lowest values for number, diameter and area of dentinal tubules (p<0.05). OH showed higher values of calcium, Ca/P ratio and relative mineral concentration, with decrease in the organization and quality of the collagen (p<0.05). The OH showed the highest values of nano-hardness, elastic modulus and compressive strength, but the lowest values of flexural strength and flexural modulus (p<0.05). The OH presented the lowest values of bond strength, with differences among the root thirds (p<0.05). The degree of conversion of the cements showed a decrease along the root thirds (p<0.05). It was concluded that age has an effect on the morphological, chemical and physical aspects of human root dentin, with no effect on bovine dentin. Thus, when it is necessary to replace the human root dentin by the bovine in research, it is necessary to consider the effect of age on the analysed outcomes.

Addition of zirconium oxide to Biodentine increases radiopacity and does not alter its physicochemical and biological properties

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the radiopacity of Biodentine (BD) and BD associated with 15% calcium tungstate (BDCaWO4) or zirconium oxide (BDZrO2), by using conventional and digital radiography systems, and their physicochemical and biological properties. Materials and Methods: Radiopacity was evaluated by taking radiographs of cement specimens (n=8) using occlusal film, photostimulable phosphor plates or digital sensors. Solubility, setting time, pH, cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test or two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test (α=0.05). Results: BD radiopacity was lower than 3 mm Al, while BD ZrO2 and BD CaWO4 radiopacity was higher than 3 mm Al in all radiography systems. The cements showed low solubility, except for BDCaWO4. All cements showed alkaline pH and setting time lower than 34 minutes. MTT and NR assays revealed that cements had greater or similar cytocompatibility in comparison with control. The ALP activity in all groups was similar or greater than the control. All cements induced greater production of mineralized nodules than control. Conclusions: Addition of 15% ZrO2 or CaWO4 was sufficient to increase the radiopacity of BD to values higher than 3 mm Al. BD associated with radiopacifiers showed suitable properties of setting time, pH and solubility, except for BDCaWO4, which showed the highest solubility. All cements had cytocompatibility and potential to induce mineralization in Saos-2 cells. The results showed that adding 15% ZrO2 increases the radiopacity of BD, allowing its radiography detection without altering its physicochemical and biological properties.

Effects of dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate content on the setting time, compressive strength, alkalinity, and cytocompatibility of tricalcium silicate cement

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of dodecacalcium hepta-aluminate (C12A7) content on some physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of tricalcium silicate (C3S) cement using human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Material and Methods High purity C3S cement was manufactured by a solid phase method. C12A7 was mixed with the cement in proportions of 0, 5, 8, and 10 wt% (C12A7-0, −5, −8, and −10, respectively). Physicochemical properties including initial setting time, compressive strength, and alkalinity were evaluated. Cytocompatibility was assessed with cell viability tests and cell number counts. Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results The initial setting time of C3S-based cement was shorter in the presence of C12A7 (p<0.05). After 1 day, C12A7-5 showed significantly higher compressive strength than the other groups (p<0.05). After 7 days, the compressive strength of C12A7-5 was similar to that of C12A7-0, whereas other groups showed strength lower than C12A7-0. The pH values of all tested groups showed no significant differences after 1 day (p>0.05). The C12A7-5 group showed similar cell viability to the C12A7-0 group (p>0.05), while the other experimental groups showed lower values compared to C12A7-0 group (p<0.05). The number of cells grown on the C12A7-5 specimen was higher than that on C12A7-8 and −10 (p<0.05). Conclusions The addition of C12A7 to C3S cement at a proportion of 5% resulted in rapid initial setting time and higher compressive strength with no adverse effects on cytocompatibility.

Ytterbium oxide as radiopacifier of calcium silicate-based cements. physicochemical and biological properties

Abstract This study evaluated physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and bioactivity of MTA Angelus (MTA), calcium silicate-based cement (CSC) and CSC with 30% Ytterbium oxide (CSC/Yb2O3). Setting time was evaluated using Gilmore needles. Compressive strength was evaluated in a mechanical machine. Radiopacity was evaluated using radiographs of materials and an aluminum scale. Solubility was evaluated after immersion in water. Cell viability was evaluated by means of MTT assay and neutral red staining, and the mineralization activity by using alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red staining. The data were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey and Bonferroni tests (5% significance). The bioactive potential was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The materials presented similar setting time. MTA showed the lowest compressive strength. MTA and CSC/Yb2O3 presented similar radiopacity. CSC/Yb2O3 showed low solubility. Saos-2 cell viability tests showed no cytotoxic effect, except to 1:1 dilution in NR assay which had lower cell viability when compared to the control. ALP at 1 and 7 days was similar to the control. MTA and CSC had greater ALP activity at 3 days when compared to control. All the materials present higher mineralized nodules when compared with the control. SEM analysis showed structures suggesting the presence of calcium phosphate on the surface of materials demonstrating bioactivity. Ytterbium oxide proved to be a properly radiopacifying agent for calcium silicate-based cement since it did not affected the physicochemical and biological properties besides preserving the bioactive potential of this material.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou as propriedades físico-químicas, citotoxicidade e bioatividade do MTA Angelus (MTA), cimento à base de silicato de cálcio (CSC) e CSC com 30% de óxido de itérbio (CSC/Yb2O3). O tempo de presa foi avaliado usando agulhas Gilmore. A resistência à compressão foi avaliada em uma máquina mecânica. A radiopacidade foi avaliada utilizando radiografias dos materiais e uma escala de alumínio. A solubilidade foi avaliada após imersão em água. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada por meio do ensaio MTT e coloração de vermelho neutro (NR), e a atividade de mineralização por meio da atividade da fosfatase alcalina e a coloração com Vermelho de Alizarina. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA, Tukey e Bonferroni (5% de significância). O potencial bioativo foi avaliado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os materiais apresentaram tempo de presa semelhante. O MTA mostrou menor resistência à compressão. MTA e CSC/Yb2O3 apresentaram radiopacidade semelhante. CSC/Yb2O3 apresentou menores valores de solubilidade. A viabilidade celular realizada pelos ensaios de MTT e NR não revelaram efeitos ctotóxicos em todas as diluições, exceto na diluição 1:1 no NR, o qual mostrou baixa viabilidade celular (p<0.05) em todos materiais testados quando comparado ao controle. A atividade de ALP em 1 e 7 dias foi similar ao controle (p>0.05). MTA e CSC tiveram significante aumento na atividade de ALP aos 3 dias quando comarados ao controle (p>0.05). Todos os materiais apresentaram grande produção de nódulos mineralizados quando comparados ao controle (P<0.05). A análise da SEM mostrou estruturas que sugerem a presença de depósitos de fosfato de cálcio na superfície dos materiais demonstrando bioatividade. O Yb2O3 mostrou ser um agente radiopacificador adequado em cimentos à base de silicato de cálcio uma vez que não afetou as propriedades físico-químicas e biológicas e ainda preservou o potencial bioativo desse material.

Calidad del agua y características habitacionales de un barrio en Bogotá / Water quality and housing characteristics of a neighborhood in Bogota

Resumen Introducción. El agua suministrada a las viviendas debe ser apta para el consumo humano, es decir, debe ser limpia, no tener color ni sabor y sobre todo debe estar libre de microbios y parásitos. Objetivo. Se indagó la calidad microbiológica y fisicoquímica del agua de un barrio marginal de Bogotá; asimismo se determinaron las condiciones habitacionales. Método. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se realizó un muestreo del agua utilizada para el consumo humano en 25 casas, a la cual se le realizó el análisis fisicoquímico y microbiológico. Además se diligenció un formato de condiciones de vivienda. Conclusiones. se evidenció que la calidad de agua que consumen los habitantes del barrio Villa Cindy cumple con todos los parámetros de potabilidad exigidos el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, de Ambiente y Desarrollo Territorial en la Resolución 2115 de 2007. El 80% de los habitantes del barrio viven en condiciones dignas, un 20% son invasores de la ribera del río Bogotá y habitan en condiciones indignas.

Abstract Introduction. The water supplied to households must be suitable for human consumption, it means, should be clean, have no color or taste, but above all must be free of microbes and parasites. Objective. Microbiological and physicochemical water properties were determined in a Bogotá slum; also, the living conditions were determined. Method. Descriptive cross-sectional study. Water used for human consumption were sampled in 25 houses, which underwent the physicochemical and microbiological analysis. In addition, a format of housing conditions was filled out. Conclusions. It was observed that the quality of water consumed by the residents of the neighborhood Villa Cindy meets all potability parameters required by Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Environment and Territorial Development in Resolution 2115 of 2007. 80% of the local people was living in decent conditions, 20% were invading the hillside of the Bogota river and lived in inhuman conditions.

Caracterización de aceites de las semillas de Moringa oleífera a partir de la extracción por diferentes métodos / Characterisation of Moringa oleifera's oils from different extraction methods

La Moringa oleífera es una planta que se utiliza como materia prima en diferentes industrias, como la alimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética. Una de las partes aprovechables del árbol es la semilla debido a su contenido entre un 30 y 45 % de aceite. Sus propiedades terapéuticas potencian su uso en el tratamiento de más de 300 enfermedades. En esta investigación se caracterizó el aceite extraído de las semillas de Moringa oleífera de las variedades de origen cubano Supergenious, Plain y Nicaragua, a partir de extracciones sólido-líquido con hexano y etanol como disolventes y por el método de prensado mecánico de la variedad Nicaragua. A través de un diseño de experimento 2K se analizaron las variables relación soluto-disolvente, tiempo de extracción, y la granulometría seleccionándose las corridas con mayores valores de porcentaje de extracción. Los aceites correspondientes a la selección se caracterizaron fisicoquímica y fitoquímicamente y los valores se compararon con variedades de diferentes regiones reportadas en la literatura. Se demostró que el método de prensado es eficiente, económico y no influye en las propiedades del producto obtenido.

Moringa oleífera is a plant that is used as raw material in various industries, including those related to the field of chemistry such as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. One of the usable parts of the tree is the seed because the content between 30 and 45% oil. They enhance its therapeutic use in the treatment of more than 300 diseases. In this research the oil extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleífera varieties of Cuban origin Supergenious, Plain and Nicaragua is characterized from solid-liquid extraction with hexane and ethanol as solvents and by the method of mechanical pressing of the species Nicaragua . Through a design of experiment 2K solute-solvent variable ratio, extraction time were analyzed, and the grain size selected runs with values greater percentage of oil extracted. Oils corresponding to the selection were characterized physic-chemical and phytochemically and were compared with varieties from different regions reported in the literature. It was shown that the pressing method is efficient, economical and has no influence on the product properties obtained.

Effect of addition of nano-hydroxyapatite on physico-chemical and antibiofilm properties of calcium silicate cements

ABSTRACT Objective Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate cement composed of Portland cement (PC) and bismuth oxide. Hydroxyapatite has been incorporated to enhance mechanical and biological properties of dental materials. This study evaluated physicochemical and mechanical properties and antibiofilm activity of MTA and PC associated with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAn). Material and Methods White MTA (Angelus, Brazil); PC (70%)+ZrO2 (30%); PC (60%)+ZrO2 (30%)+HAn (10%); PC (50%)+ZrO2 (30%)+HAn (20%) were evaluated. The pH was assessed by a digital pH-meter and solubility by mass loss. Setting time was evaluated by using Gilmore needles. Compressive strength was analyzed by mechanical test. Samples were radiographed alongside an aluminum step wedge to evaluate radiopacity. For the antibiofilm evaluation, materials were placed in direct contact with E. faecalis biofilm induced on dentine blocks. The number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in the remaining biolfilm was evaluated. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test, with 5% significance. Results There was no difference in pH levels of PC+ZrO2, PC+ZrO2+HAn (10%) and PC+ZrO2+HAn (20%) (p>0.05) and these cements presented higher pH levels than MTA (p<0.05). The highest solubility was observed in PC+ZrO2+HAn (10%) and PC+ZrO2+HAn (20%) (p<0.05). MTA had the shortest initial setting time (p<0.05). All the materials showed radiopacity higher than 3 mmAl. PC+ZrO2 and MTA had the highest compressive strength (p<0.05). Materials did not completely neutralize the bacterial biofilm, but the association with HAn provided greater bacterial reduction than MTA and PC+ZrO2 (p<0.05) after the post-manipulation period of 2 days. Conclusions The addition of HAn to PC associated with ZrO2 harmed the compressive strength and solubility. On the other hand, HAn did not change the pH and the initial setting time, but improved the radiopacity (HAn 10%), the final setting time and the E. faecalis antibiofilm activity of the cement.

Avaliação da qualidade de águas purificadas utilizadas em farmácias de manipulação / Assessing the quality of purified water used in compounding pharmacies

The Brazilian Food, Drug and Sanitary Agency (ANVISA) published a Resolution (RDC 67) in 2007, repealing RDC 33 of 2000, which established a legally required monthly analysis of a number of microbiological and physicochemical variables in the purified water used in compounded pharmaceutical preparations, which were not specified in the preceding RDC. In view of the amendment, the aim of this study was to assess the quality of purified water used in compounding pharmacies in the region of Araraquara (SP, Brazil) and review the impact of the most recent regulation (RDC 67 of 2007) on this quality. In the study, 744 samples of purified water were collected from 30 pharmacies in the course of four years (2008 to 2011). The variables recorded were: presence of total coliforms and fecal coliforms/E. coli, pH, color, turbidity, total dissolved solids, fluoride and residual free chlorine. The methods used were pharmacopeial standards for water analysis, published by the Brazilian National Health Foundation (FUNASA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA). Among the samples, 78.90% were in compliance with the required standards. No sample contravened the rules for color and fecal coliforms/E. coli. However, 0.54%, 7.80%, 10.75%, 0.54% and 4.56% of the samples were unacceptable in terms of turbidity, fluorides, pH, free residual chlorine and total coliforms respectively. There was a variation in the number of irregular samples by comparing the years of 2008 and 2009 (20.26% and 26.71%, respectively) and the years of 2010 and 2011 (18.33% and 19.91%, respectively). Four years after the RDC n°. 67 of 2007, manipulation pharmacies are still adjusting to the rules, and it is important that ANVISA and others agencies continue monitoring to ensure the quality of purified water...

A RDC n° 67 de 2007, que revogou a RDC nº 33 de 2000, regulamentou análises mensais que avaliam parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos em águas purificadas utilizadas em preparações magistrais, antes não especificados pela RDC n° 33 de 2000. Diante dessas alterações, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de águas utilizadas em farmácias de manipulação em Araraquara e região e verificar o impacto da legislação mais recente (RDC nº 67 de 2007) nessa qualidade. Foram analisadas 744 amostras de água purificada em 30 farmácias no decorrer de quatro anos (2008 a 2011). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: presença de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes/E.coli, pH, cor, turbidez, sólidos totais dissolvidos, fluoreto e cloro residual livre. Os métodos utilizados seguiram padrões de farmacopeias, da FUNASA e da APHA. Dentre as amostras analisadas 78,90% estavam em conformidade com os padrões estabelecidos. Não foram encontradas amostras irregulares quanto aos parâmetros cor e coliformes termotolerantes/E. coli. No entanto, 0,54%, 7,80%, 10,75%, 0,54% e 4,56% das amostras estavam irregulares para turbidez, fluoretos, pH, cloro residual livre e coliformes totais, respectivamente. Foi observada uma variação do número de amostras irregulares ao compararmos os anos de 2008 e 2009 (20,26% e 26,71% respectivamente) com os anos de 2010 e 2011 (18,33% e 19,91% respectivamente). Quatro anos após a RDC n° 67 de 2007, as farmácias de manipulação ainda estão se adequando às normas e é importante que a ANVISA e outros órgãos continuem a fiscalização para garantir a qualidade da água purificada...

Evaluation of the physicochemical and functional properties of Colombian bee pollen / Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales del polen apícola colombiano

Objective. To establish current knowledge about Colombian bee-pollen from a point of view nutritional and functional, contributing towards creating national technical standards and the identification of chemical differentiation factors for further researches. Material and methods. One hundred ninety-six samples of dried bee pollen were collected in the center region of Colombia known as Cundi-boyacense high plateau, where nearly 90% of total bee pollen production is concentrated in this country. Performed physicochemical analyses in this study were: moisture, pH, acidity, ash, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber, fatty acid profile and mineral elements. Results. Bee pollen from this region had 7.7±5.2 g/100 g moisture content, and a following centesimal composition based on dry matter: ashes 2.5±0.4 g; lipids 6.90±3.5 g; proteins 23.8±3.2 g and total dietary fiber 14.5±3.5 g. The most abundant fatty acids were α-linolenic, palmitic and linoleic. Carbohydrates were the main components and fructose and glucose the most concentrated sugars. The predominant minerals assessed here were potassium, calcium and magnesium. The results were also discussed in terms of the characteristics found in Colombian bee-pollen in comparison to international regulations and findings for other varieties of commercial bee-pollen from eight different countries. Conclusions. The results found in this study suggest that bee-pollen may be used as a dietary supplement and agree with bibliographical reports and international regulations. Such characterization will enable to be proposed technical standards in line with Colombian bee-pollen properties and it is expected to improve marketing and production chain conditions.

Objetivos. Generar conocimiento actualizado sobre el polen colombiano desde un punto de vista nutricional y funcional, contribuyendo a la creación de estándares técnicos nacionales y la identificación de factores químicos de diferenciación para futuras investigaciones. Materiales y métodos. Ciento noventa y seis muestras de polen seco fueron recolectadas en la región central de Colombia conocida como el altiplano cundiboyacense, donde se concentra cerca del 90% de la producción total en este país. Los análisis fisicoquímicos realizados en este estudio fueron: humedad, pH, acidez, cenizas, carbohidratos, lípidos, proteínas, fibra dietaria, perfil de ácidos grasos y minerales. Resultados. El polen de esta región tuvo un contenido de humedad de 7.7±5.2 g/100 g y una composición centesimal basada en materia seca: cenizas 2.5±0.4 g; lípidos 6.90±3.5 g; proteínas 23.8±3.2 g y fibra dietaria total 14.5±3.5 g. Los ácidos grasos más abundantes fueron α-linolénico, palmítico y linoleico. Los carbohidratos fueron los componentes principales con fructosa y glucosa siendo los azúcares más concentrados. Los minerales predominantes evaluados fueron potasio, calcio y magnesio. Los resultados también fueron discutidos en términos de las características encontradas en el polen colombiano en comparación a normatividades internacionales y hallazgos para otras variedades de polen comercial de ocho países diferentes. Conclusiones. Los resultados encontrados en este estudio sugieren que el polen apícola puede ser utilizado como suplemento dietario y es coherente con los reportes bibliográficos y normativas internacionales. Tal caracterización permitirá proponer estándares técnicos de acuerdo a las propiedades del polen colombiano y se espera que se mejore la comercialización y las condiciones de la cadena de producción.

Caracterização de Requeijão Marajoara e Minas Frescal produzidos com leite de búfalas no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Characterization Requeijão Marajoara and Minas Frescal produced with buffalo milk in Pará State, Brazil

Trinta amostras de queijo tipo Requeijão Marajoara e trinta de Minas Frescal, elaborados com leite bubalino foram analisadas, visando a caracterizar os teores dos principais componentes e características físico-químicas. Os queijos foram obtidos de estabelecimentos industriais localizados nos municípios de Salvaterra, Ilha de Marajó e Moju, nordeste do Estado do Pará. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de Análise Descritiva, utilizando o pacote estatístico SAS®. Para o Requeijão Marajoara, os resultados médios foram: pH de 5,15 (±0,13); acidez 0,62% (±0,08); umidade 43% (±1,64); gordura 31,57% (±3,13); gordura no extrato seco (GES) 55,84% (±4,38); proteína 34,59% (±1,68); e cinzas 2,45% (±0,47). Para o Minas Frescal, o pH foi de 6,26 (±0,69), acidez 0,15% (±0,14), umidade 60,99% (±2,58), gordura 25,09% (±1,68), GES 62,95% (±4,38), proteína 11,06% (±1,65) e as cinzas 2,09% (±0,32). A variação entre os macronutrientes e as características físico-químicas nas amostras estudadas revelou falta de padronização na tecnologia empregada no processamento, o que pode estar relacionada à inexistência de legislações específicas para a elaboração desses derivados com leite bubalino. Conclui-se que é fundamental o estabelecimento de critérios de processamento e requisitos legais, objetivando a obtenção de produtos padronizados, com consequente agregação de valor.

Thirty samples of Requeijão Marajoara cheese and thirty samples of Minas Frescal cheese, made both with buffalo milk, were analyzed to determine main components levels and physicochemical characteristics. The cheeses were obtained from industrial establishments located in the municipalities of Salvaterra, Marajó Island, and Moju, northeastern of Pará State. The data were statistically analyzed by Descritive Analyses, using the SAS® system. For the Requeijão Marajoara, the average results obtained were: pH 5.15 (± 0.13); acidity 0.62% (±0,08); moisture 43% (±1.64); fat 31.57% (±3.13); fat on dry extract (FDE) 55.84% (±4.38); protein 34.59 % (±1.68); and ash 2.45% (±0.47). For the Minas Frescal pH 6.26 (±0.69); acidity 0.15% (±0.14); moisture 60.99% (±2.58); fat 25.09% (±1.68); fat on dry extract (FDE) 62.95% (±4.38); protein 11.06% (±1.65);and ash 2.09% (±0.32). The variation between macronutrients and physicochemical characteristics revealed standardization lack in the technology used in the processing, what can be related to the inexistence of specific legislations for the elaboration of these flowed from buffalo milk. It's crucial the establishment of criteria for processing and legal requirements, aiming to obtain standardized products, with consequent aggregation of values.

Comparative Phytochemical Screening and Nutritional Potentials of the Flowers (petals) of Senna alata (l) roxb, Senna hirsuta (l.) Irwin and barneby, and Senna obtusifolia (l.) Irwin and barneby (fabaceae).

Comparative phytochemical screening and nutritional potentials of the flowers (petals) of S. alata, S. hirsuta and S. obtusifolia (Fabaceae) were investigated. S. alata, S. hirsuta and S. obtusifolia are plants that have been frequently used as a medicine. The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides and the absence of alkaloids in all three species. Quantitative evaluation of the petals of S. alata, S. hirsuta and S. obtusifolia reveals moisture content (%) of 12.5, 13.5, 13; Ash content (%) 6,11, 9. Acid insoluble (%) 1.5, 2.5, 2; Sulphated ash (%) 5, 9, 5.3; protein (%) 5.1, 8.2, 4.1, Fats (%) 5, 3.5, 4.4; Fibre (%) 25, 40, 30; Carbohydrate (%) 53.7; 42, 40.7 respectively. The above results indicates that despite the absence of information on the phytochemical screening, quantitative parameters and nutritional potentials of the petals of these studied species they contain nutrients and mineral elements, and bioactive compounds that may be useful in nutrition and in the synthesis of various therapeutic drugs.